The Ageing Population in Mauritius Essay Example

The Ageing Population in Mauritius Essay Discussions Impact of aging population in Mauritius The first aim of this survey aims to supply a thorough apprehension of the existent impacts of aging population in Mauritius. Since old people retire from their occupations, the incomes they generate are reduced and therefore they have to trust on pensions or insurances. Consequently, the aging population is really frequently faced with income security and poorness. Among the 80 questionnaires that were distributed, there were 18.5 % of the respondents were above 65 old ages. This was a really important figure and was the 2nd larger per centum after the age group of 20-35 old ages. Furthermore, the Mauritius Statistics forecasts that 20 % of the Mauritanian population will be above 65 old ages by 2025. One of the chief impacts of an aging population is that it increases the dependence ratio. There are comparatively more people claiming pension benefits and less people working to pay revenue enhancements. With the ever-growing aging population in Mauritius, it is likely that this will do jobs in the hereafter. Though 14.8 % of the respondents still live with their grand-parents and 12.3 % of them still assist their grand-parents financially, the dependence on the pension benefits do non look to diminish. Another impact is the increased Government disbursement on wellness attention and pensions. In UK, the old age pension is presently ?113.10 per pensionaries per hebdomad ( Population Ageing Statistics, Rutherford ) as compared to Mauritius, where the pension fund is Rs5, 000 per pensionaries per month. Since the per centum of old age is said to increase to up to 25 % by 2025, the Government disbursement will increase even more. Soon, the budget for old age wellness jobs sums to about Rs9.7 billion per twelvemonth and with a promising and important growing in the figure of old people in the hereafter, Mauritius is likely to confront serious budget issues. As such, as demonstrated in table 4.5 in the old chapter, 56.8 % people have that working people should pay a item for the elders’ medical services. This gesture can take a immense load from the Government outgo since people are non prepared to take old age pension financess even if an option, such as edifice places for the ag ed with all their required demands, is given to the old people as shown by the bulk of people who voted ‘No’ to the suggestion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ageing Population in Mauritius specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ageing Population in Mauritius specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ageing Population in Mauritius specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, an aging population directs to a deficit of workers in a state. Since the old people retire and live on pension, and there are lesser figure of new-borns to finally work to pay revenue enhancements, the state faces a deficiency of workers. Mauritius is non far behind from a deficit of workers. In this consequence, 48.1 % of the respondents thought that promoting Mauritians to reproduce will work out the job whereas 50.6 % of them thought it would be better to engage immigrants to work here. Furthermore, since Mauritius will be seting a higher per centum of income into pension financess in the hereafter, due to the increasing sum of old people, it could cut down the sum of nest eggs available for more productive investings. Therefore, taking to take down rates of economic growing. Impact of security budget on aging population The 2nd nonsubjective emphasizes on the impact of security budget on aging population. With greater figure of old people, comes greater disbursals in footings of security. As of now, the Government is passing about Rs27.1 billion on societal security entirely in the twelvemonth 2015 and as per our research conducted by the questionnaire, 38.3 % people feel concern about this sum of outgo merely on societal security. 76.5 % of the respondents agreed that the well-off should be cut off from pension installations. This is a considerable thought because the Government is passing manner excessively much money on old people and acquiring nothing-in footings of finance-in return. Though many people ( about 75.3 % of the respondents ) thought that the freshly elected Government was right to increase old age pension from Rs3, 600 to R5, 000 in December 2014, a important per centum ( 61.7 ) agreed that it was simply a political technique to derive ballots. This addition in the pension fund has resulted in an addition of over 50 % in the Government outgo as compared in 2014. Over 186, 000 people benefit from the cosmopolitan pension. The National Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has already sounded the dismay about the aging population of Mauritius that could endanger the national pension fund. The fiscal establishment recommends an pressing reappraisal of the payment of this societal benefit expression. As concluded by aWorking Paperof the IMF entitledPension Reforms in Mauritius ; Fair and Fast Balancing Social Protection and Fiscal Sustainability, Mauritius’ old age pension state of affairs is considered unsustainable in the long term. While now it amounts to 5 % of the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) , funding for different pension strategies should make 11 % in 45 old ages. The aging population is seting strong force per unit area on public fundss. The figure of people over 60 old ages will be 50 % in 2050, whereas they represented 13 % of the population in 2013. The consequence of outgos on pension benefits, particularly the non-contributory pension strategy will be exacerbated ( Takoor, Petri, and Martin ) . If major reforms are non undertaken, the pension financess could do a deficit and could finally be liability for the province particularly when 79.0 % of the respondents said they are non ready to further prolong the societal security financially, besides their parts in VAT and NPF. Problems faced because of gender in an aging population Harmonizing to a survey made by the UN administration, adult females make up a significantly larger portion of the older population. This is because adult females tend to populate longer than work forces and therefore rendering them more dependent on wellness attention installations and pensions strategies provided by their state. In 2014, Mundi calculated the ratio of females to males above 65 old ages old to be 66, 643: 45, 145 of the entire population. The aged dependence ratio was calculated to be 12.8 % . Besides, the UN found that older adult females see some of the lowest literacy rates in the universe. Average degrees of illiteracy for adult females aged 65 or over are every bit high as 78 % in Africa and 53 % in Asia, compared to 58 % and 29 % severally for work forces in these parts. This earnestly impacts on the lives of the older adult females, forestalling them from accessing wellness services, procuring incomes, and traveling out of poorness. Furthermore, the fact that women’s life anticipation is greater than men’s means that wellness jobs that increase with age, such as disablement, affect a greater figure of adult females worldwide. It is anticipated that the overall prevalence and badness of disablement among older adult females will go on to increase, in line with the turning aging population and the higher proportion of adult females in the old age groups. For illustration, older adult females are more likely to endure from sightlessness than older work forces, particularly in low-income states where 44 % of instances are caused by cataracts. The greater the figure of older adult females, the greater is the dependence on wellness attention services. Furthermore, despite increased consciousness of maltreatment, favoritism, and force against adult females, concerns over the state of affairs of older adult females have mostly been ignored. Datas on force against adult females over the age of 60 is badly limited and research focussing on maltreatment of older adult females tends to be confined to developed states and based on little sample sizes. Impact of sustainability on the degree of protection of the old age The challenge for the hereafter is â€Å"to guarantee that people everyplace can turn old with security and self-respect and that they can go on to take part in societal life as citizens with full rights† . At the same clip â€Å"the rights of old people should non be incompatible with those of other groups, and mutual intergenerational dealingss should be encouraged.† ( United Nations, World Population Ageing 1950-2050, Population Division ) Social protection of the old age attack has addressed the multiple interlinked planetary challenges of poorness obliteration, environmental sustainability, and economic equity, and gender equality, just distribution of resources, human rights, and inequality. In Mauritius, though approximately 50 % of old people do non take public conveyance, the latter is still free for people above 60 old ages old. However, approximately 21.0 % find that this system should be abolished. Basic income security for people in old age is considered as necessary to avoid poorness among the old age. However, about 49.4 % of Mauritians find that Rs5, 000 is a hazard factor to the life of the seniors. This sum of money is considered to be excessively much and can set the life of the seniors at interest. Decision This chapter has discussed the assorted aims of the research work together with the informations that was obtained and calculated in the old chapter, information analysis. As shown, some informations obtained were in line with the aims of this survey. The following chapter will speak about the proposed recommendations. Recommendations and Decision Introduction In this chapter we will suggest a list of recommendations of how the impacts of aging population can be minimised. We will besides urge ways in which the security budget can be controlled, how gender equality and equity can be ensured, and how to guarantee a sustainability in the aging population of Mauritius. Housing for seniors: Elder friendly lodging Specific steps can be taken to ease the development of retirement lodging by the private sector, in peculiar, changing the length of land rentals to lower land costs, to ease elders’ demands in footings of lodging. Besides, through a reappraisal of the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility, the Government can see presenting guidelines for the proviso of handiness and safety characteristics in the places for the senior people so that they have a more elder-friendly environment to populate in. in this manner, the seniors will more probably have a healthy life style and therefore decreasing the wellness outgo for the Government. Stretching the work force and working hours The engagement rates of adult females and aged people in the work force should be increased to guarantee more part is being brought economically to Mauritius. Harmonizing to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , 49 % of the people aged between 60 to 64 old ages old in USA are still gainfully employed. There are many ways in which a higher engagement of the ‘young’ seniors ( aged between 60 and 65 ) can be achieved. Among them, the most of import are to rectify the incentive of early retirement, cut down the period of entitlement to unemployment benefits, and extinguish high rupture payment, extended occupation dismissal protection every bit good as senior status rules. Besides, by implementing new child-minding agreements and more originative on the job clip theoretical accounts and rushing up organizational reforms, the engagement of adult females within the work force can be increased. Additionally, the one-year working and/or mean hebdomadal times can besides be increased such that fewer workers have to work for more hours in order to counterbalance for a negative demographic consequence on possible growing. Thus, a higher portion of adult females will be put in the work force and a greater figure of parttime occupations will be switched to full-time places. It will besides necessitate an addition in jointly agreed hebdomadal working times. Migration Immigration can assist to decelerate down the procedure of aging and shrinkage of the population and extenuate its negative economic effects. The younger, more flexible and better qualified the population, the more favorable the result will be. Mauritius should advance migration and set suited migration policies where the policies do non merely halt at placing suited immigrants but besides assist them incorporate good into the society. It is besides really of import for Mauritius to advance harmonious race relations-which is non really hard, sing the fact that we are ourselves a multi-racial state. Better usage of bing resources and acceptance of new engineerings. We can assist people to remain active, healthy and independent by constructing age-friendly metropoliss and â€Å"smart homes† that deploy a scope of monitoring and supportive devices to assist older people manage life more efficaciously. We can re-engineer wellness systems to concentrate on disease bar and early showing, instead than on expensive intercession. With these steps, we will lend to making better quality lives for older people: lives that are besides inclusive and sustainable. Preventing falls schemes Given the magnitude of this public wellness job, policymakers should promote falls bar as a precedence and support policies and plans that aim to cut down hazard factors among older grownup populations. This may be accomplished in multiple ways. For case, increased support may be provided to Area Agencies on aging for broader execution of community-based falls bar plans. Certain falls bar schemes, such as place safety appraisals, could besides be integrated into bing senior outreach services and plans, such as Meals on Wheels. Enhance chances for physical activities among older grownups It is recommended that policymakers enhance the chances for physical activity among the seniors. Particularly, they should implement policies and targeted schemes that support active life for seniors. This involves placing and turn toing the barriers that presently prevent seniors from take parting in physical activities, raging up instruction and outreach attempts, and advancing community-based plans that incorporate strength, endurance, balance, flexibleness preparation plans. Some communities for seniors offer other societal benefits, such as equal interaction and support. This should be put into pattern by all the communities for the aged. Additionally, policymakers should back up a wide continuum of plans, runing from low to high strength degrees, available to people of all abilities, civilizations, and cultural backgrounds. 6.7 Extra benefits for extra old ages worked Some states offer fiscal inducements to workers who keep on working even though they have reached their retirement age. Normally, the inducements are calculated on the footing of part period, for illustration, an extra twenty-four hours, month, one-fourth, or twelvemonth worked after the retirement age. They can come be in the signifier of a individual fillip payment or a per centum addition in the concluding pension. If Mauritius were to follow this system, it will guarantee more people working and therefore more people paying the revenue enhancements. Encourage employers to retain and enroll older workers The Government should promote employers to retain and enroll older workers. One manner in which this can be achieved is for the Government to straight lend to the consts of using older workers ( Gineste, 2012 ) . Reducing unemployment benefits for older people Reducing unemployment benefits and take downing pensions could be an inducement to work longer. If the seniors have lower pensions and decreased unemployment benefits, they will be more acute to work for longer periods of clip so that they achieve a more hearty and comfy life style for the clip when they are non able to work at all. 6.10 Decision This research work has tried to foreground the impacts of the aging population and measure what is being done the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity, and Reform Institutions to convey about a sustainable development in the aging population of Mauritius. With the lessening in birthrate and mortality rates, life anticipation at birth has increased drastically. And despite this rapid aging population, it can be said that the Government, along with the concerned establishments, are endeavoring to maintain the population an economically productive and healthy one. To reason we have besides tried to explicate some suggestions which can be implemented in order to guarantee that the aging population procedure stays in control and that Mauritius does non endure or at least suffers the minimal impact of such a population.

Art History Essay examples

Art History Essay examples Art History Essay examples Lorena Cruz Professor Morrison CALS 219 10 March 2013 The Effect of United States intervention Central American and Caribbean countries endured years of dirty wars that caused major damage to the two regions. The U.S., seeing economic and political interest in the countries of Central America, played a major role in funding dirty wars. The point of U.S. intervention was to fight socialist and communist movements in the country. In a Socialist nation, it would be impossible to own large portions of land. The United States had huge interest to prevent this because if the land was redistributed, it would not allow the U.S. to have any large export plantations in nations like Guatemala and Nicaragua. The United States supported government overthrows to prevent Socialism and Communism, but also caused severe devastation among the residents of these countries. The Spanish-American War was a sign of United States imperialism and empirical power. When the war ended, so did the Spanish Empire, and it’s Caribbean colonies were now a part o f the United States. The Platt Amendment created permanent United States presence in Cuba, even though their main goal had been to become an independent nation. The Platt amendment is a direct effect of the United States’ political interest, because it stated that they U.S. would continue having control of Guantanamo Bay, and that Cuba had to consider U.S. interests when making foreign policies. United States intervention in the Caribbean was very politicized. The Red Scared during WWII was a huge motivator for intervention in the Caribbean. U.S. intervention in these countries caused extreme devastation. In the Central America, the United States was funding death squads that murdered innocent peasants of the poor Central American countries. In the United States mainland, the effect of these interventions were seen through increased immigration into the United States from these regions. During the Guatemalan Civil War, out of fear and seeing no better option, residents began immigrating to the United States. In Cuba, anti-Communists were encouraged to come over to the United States, establishing a presence of Cubans in Miami, that would continue to

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions - Assignment Example Despite not being ideal, the approach has some rationale which cannot be negated altogether. Senior level employees and managers have several business commitments beyond the routine work hours and more often than not they are bound to their tasks and targets instead of time. This however, should not leverage the habitual delays by senior and they should set a better example for their juniors. 2. No, I think that employers should not have the right to regulate the after-hours social activities unless they have an impact on the workplace productivity. The activities that might have a direct effect on workplace productivity provide a potential leverage to the employer to devise regulations to avoid them but these must have a direct impact. A major issue that may evolve from meeting at the work place is the social stress and anxiety resulted that may ultimately have an effect on work place environment and the projected output. Often these workplace social interaction causes uncalled for rifts among employees which creates room for regulations to avert such circumstances. 3.

BAT concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BAT concept - Essay Example 'Permitted processes have to show that they have applied the best available technique (BAT) approach when applying for an IPPC permit'. Considering this statement, a critical evaluation will be done in this paper on the ways pollution is regulated in England and Wales and whether or not BAT should be applied. BAT is seen to be the most effective way of controlling and reducing the emission of hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere. Following points will throw light on the purpose of BAT (Scottish Executive, 2006) & (EC, 2003). A relevant example is of petrochemical company in South England .The requirement was to use butadiene from pure butenes for its down-stream processes knowing the fact that butadiene is a pollutant. Since it was a major requirement, they extracted butadiene from butenes using cuprous ammonium acetate. In doing so, 200 tones of ammonia and 140 tones of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted in air. 300 tones of ammonia and 6 tones of copper ran into the systems purifying water (Slater, D.). Since these amounts were disturbing, the company decided to replace the butene extraction process with a new process named 'Catalytic Hydrogenation Process' which had zero emissions to air during the reduction of butadiene to butene. The results after changing the procedures showed that annually, only 7 tones of VOCs were released in air from valves of the system and less than 1 kilogram of hydrocarbons were released to water (Slater, D.). Another company owned by an American manufacturer of fluorescent tubes had to shift to a cleaner process in order to minimize emissions of VOCs in air. The tubes, coated with phosphor, lost 500 tones of xylene in air. It took 30 years for the company to design and implement a cleaner process that would reduce the environmental risks. A water-based carrier system was installed in the UK factory. As s result, only 1.25 tones of ammonia were lost in air annually (Slater, D.). Pollution Regulation in England and Wales In 2008, a consultation plan on 'The Pollution Inventory 2009-2011' for pollution regulation in England and Wales was passed by the Environmental Agency aiming to improve environmental conditions in UK (EA, 2008). The aim of Pollution Inventory (PI) is to reduce all the sources of pollution caused by the industrial activities by (EA, 2008): Warning the industrialists about the pollution caused from industrial activities so that they realise the responsibility of being a good citizen and encouraging them to apply and use environmental- friendly procedures in installing and operating industries. Supporting common people to gain information about pollution caused

Van Gogh's Night Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Van Gogh's Night Cafe - Essay Example I have not been watchful. I pushed them to more vices than I ever knew and they drove me to insanity with their constant spending until I lost almost everything that I owned. Thankfully, this cafà © was saved and now serves as my only source of living. How I dislike working at this cafà ©. There is not much to be gained from it but what can I do? I literally lost all my other sources of income so here I am, patiently waiting for my customers who have been staying here too long finishing just one bottle of beer or cola. How I despise these drunkards. Look at these two peasants. They are as pathetic as their boring lives. They work so hard and now they are just spending their money on cheap wine that makes them noisy and uncivilized. Look at how pitiful they look. They do not have much to offer me for their drinks but I have to be patient with them otherwise, I will have no customers. I want to make them leave as soon as they can but it is so difficult to speak with them when they are already under the influence of alcohol. Look at that other peasant on the corner. He is as drunk as these two. He has been nodding his head on his table for quite awhile now. I think he is already asleep. I should not allow him to sleep in my cafà © because he is a bad sight to other customers but God knows how helpless I am. I cannot even speak with him to at least go outside to sleep all he wants. I have to keep a good relationship with all my customers in order to keep them coming. Business is not good at this side of Arles. There are only few people who are mainly farmers and tenants. Most of them cannot even afford having fun on a regular basis. Thankfully, there are some decent customers like the two lovers at the back. The man is the son of a tenant who worked so hard to put his son to a good school in the city. He wants to marry a landowner’s daughter but the old man is not in favor of their relationship.

The use of HRM in public sector

The use of HRM in public sector This assignment seeks to produce an analysis and critical evaluation of how Human Resource Management has been used as a lever of change in the public sector. It will consider change in its organizational context and the rational for and purpose of the change. It will also look at the involvement of the stakeholders and the approach been followed to bring about the change. The factors that influence the change and its triggers will also b e analyzed. The role of Human Resource Management and how it has been used to bring about change; and resistance to change will also be looked into in the course of this work. The first stage of the development of public management, according to McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002), was the minimal state. Here, government provision was seen as a necessary evil and the provision of almost if not all the public services were through private provision (Owen 1965). However, it was during that period that that the basic principles of public provision were laid out. The second stage of the development of public management started in the twentieth century and was characterized by an unequal partnership between the government and the private sector McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002). Here, there was an ideological shift from the traditional conservatism which obtained in the first stage towards social reformism and Fabianism as cited by (Prochaska, 1989). This shift according to them contained three elements which are A recasting of social and economic problems away from a focus on blaming individuals to a recognition of those problems as societal issues which concerned everybody The recognition that the state did indeed have a legitimate role to at least provide some public services And thirdly, in a situation where the state did not provide the public services, it needed to enter into a partnership with the private sector to provide such, even though the state would have more to do. This model according to (Kamerman and Kahn, 1976) is where the state provided the basic minimum and the charitable and private sectors took it up from there. The third stage is the welfare state which according to (Beveridge, 1948) cited in McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002), is based on the belief that charitable and private sectors had failed in there provision because of the duplication and fragmentation of the service provided, because their service was inefficient and ineffective. Consequent upon these, the provision of these services would now be managed by professional public servants. The final stage, which is what obtains today, is the plural state. This stage came about as a result of the criticisms against the welfare state. The focus of the welfare state was on the provision of a minimum standard of service to the citizens but late on in the twentieth century, the perceived needs of the citizens had moved on to a situation where they expected services to meet their individual needs and to be a part of the process of the service delivery (Mischra, 1982) cited in McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002). However, the debate became more focused in the 1990s because this fourth approach became characterized as the New Public Management. This is because as posited by (Dunleavy, 1991) this approach to public management was based on an incisive critic of bureaucracy as the organizing principle within public administration, a concern with the ability of public administration to secure the economic, efficient and effective provision of public services (Hughes, 1997), and a concern for the excesses of professional power within the public services and the consequent disempowerment of service users (Falconer and Ross, 1999). In spite of the fact that lingering debate as to the exact nature of New Public Management, its classic formation according to (Hood, 1991) in McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002) is made up of seven doctrines which are: a hands on and entrepreneurial management in preference to the traditional bureaucratic focus of the public administrator (Clark and Newman, (1993) explicit standards and measures of performance (Osborns et al, 1995) an emphasis on output controls (Boyne 1999) the importance of the aggregation and decentralization of public services (Pollit et al, 1998) promotion of competition in the promotion of public services (Walsh, 1995) emphasis on private sector styles of management (Wilcox and Harrow, 1992) and the promotion of discipline and parsimony in resource allocation (Metcalf and Richards, 1990). In addition to these seven doctrines is the one posited by (Stewart, 1966) cited in McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002) which is of the taking away of political decision making from the direct management of public services. However, the New Labour government has taken it a stage further from the plural stage. This is because it is argued that the view of both the public management and the New Public Management is myopic which according to (Clark and Stewart, 1998) in McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002) is from a narrow focus on the marketization of public services and towards an emphasis upon community governance. In this situation, the public sector is no longer seen only in relation to the government a planner or service provider, but as working together with the government, voluntary and community sectors and the private sector in the planning, management and provision of public services. Here, according to (Rhodes, 1996; Kickert et al, 1997), the main function of the government becomes the management of the intricate system of service provision. New Public Management according to (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994) is a way reorganizing public sector bodies to bring their management, reporting, and accounting approaches closer to business methods. This reorganization involves the two main ways that the public sector organization is structured by moving it down-grid and down-group as opined by (Douglas, 1982). Down-grid according to him is when there is a reduction of powers by procedural rules over issues like staff. Down- group on the other hand is a situation where the public sector is made less distinctive as a unit from the private sector in relation to personnel, reward structure and in methods of doing business. This shift resulted in budgets been reworked to become more attractive in accounting terms and organizations became a network of contracts linking incentives to performance (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994). Again, functions were separated by introducing distinctions between the purchaser and provider and opening competition between agencies, firms and not-for-profit bodies. Also, provider roles were deconcentrated to the minimum sized feasible sized agencies, allowing users to exit from one provider to another. These according to (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994), was for the purpose of better service delivery. According to (Polsby, 1984) in (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994), New Public Management can be influential in at least two modes based on past experience of organizational change. The first is the incubated mode when change ideas only come into effect in the long run and the acute innovation pattern, in which change programmes reach there peak early and break up soon after. However, New Public Management seems to be a mix of both modes. This may be as a result of New Public Management now been so omnipresent in public sector organizations that it hardly amounts to a distinctive change programme anymore (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994). As opined by (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994), New Public Management has proved a fairly durable and consistent agenda but according to McLaughlin, Osborne and Ferlie (2002), New Public Management may weaken the accountability of public services and the commitment of the community in the pursuit towards marketization. This has brought to the fore, the criticisms of New Public Management which fall into four groups. Though these four broad criticisms of New Public Management contradict themselves, some important lessons can be learnt from them. The fatalist critique of organizational change going by the position of (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994) is that the basic problems of public sector management which include system failure, human mistakes and corruption cannot be done away with, not even by New Public Management. Fatalists are of the opinion that there is really not much change going on in spite of new acronyms and control frameworks promoted by New Public Management and that the much talked about systems have failed. From the point of view of the individualist critique, New Public Management is somewhere between the traditional structure of public administration and a fully formed system which is based on enforceable contracts and the legal rights of individuals. Individualists see New Public Management as becoming a kind of replacement for fully individualized contract rights (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994). The hierarchist critique is that human beings have the ability to manage nature in a defined way but that care should be taken so that the process of change does not get out of hand thereby damaging the public sector. There worry is that as a result of the changes, the ethics of traditional public service will be removed together with the career concept and the redesign of public sector organizations (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994). The egalitarian critic is centered on the premise that problems could arise if concentration of organizational power and decision making are left with the elite because a large scale marketizing reform will increase the risks of corruption in the public service. This is because New Public Management emphasizes a management that is close to the customer, the decentralization of service delivery and giving clients a choice (Dunleavy and Hood, 1994). HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CHANGE IN THE NHS: According to Armstrong (2006), the nature of interaction between Human Resource Management and performance, and in particular the search for a definite and conclusive evidence of the positive impact of Human Resource Management on performance cannot be underestimated. The impact of the NHS Plan on the workforce has been expressed through the Human Resource in the NHS Plan which has formed the basis for the development of a variety of Human Resource Management policies focused on making the NHS a model employer and ensuring that the NHS provides a model career by offering a Skills Escalator, improving the morale of staff, and building people management skills led to the launching of a new workforce strategy by the middle of the decade. Human Resource Management systems and practices have a laid down framework which involves other organisational factors like structural arrangements. Based on this, Brown (2004) observed that while changes to the public sector over the last twenty have had a significant impact on employees of public sector organizations and the conditions under which employees work, limited thought has been given to the specific field of Human Resource Management research in relation to the public sector. In the UK which is the focus of this study, government has placed a high importance on the value of strategic Human Resource Management in improving the delivery of healthcare reforms. Towards the achievement of this, local trusts of the NHS are encouraged to adopt a best business practice approach by, according to (Bach, 1994), engaging all staff through people management processes. This idea of Human Resource Management in the public sector establishes that Human Resource Management is a major infl uence in public sector change but theoretically, there has to be a scope for the Human Resource function within trusts to adopt a more strategic role within the New Public Management (Stock et al, 1994). According to (Corby, 1996) it should no longer be consigned to a reactive and administrative role, interpreting and applying national rules, and can be proactive. As opined by Barnett et al (1996) the Human Resource function within the NHS is characterised traditionally by low credibility, a narrow operational contribution and a peripheral position. According to (Brown, 2004), the bureaucratic and the management models of public sector operation and activity are compared to discern the ways in which employment and organizational issues are conceptualized in each model. The manner in which the institutional, policy, and organizational changes impact public sector employment and conditions of service are explored. Higher managerial objectives as posited by (Kramar, 1986) are achieved through effective Human Resource practices offered by adopting HRM principles. It can be argued then that the adoption of New Public Management has thrown the possibility of managers acquiring or developing sophisticated Human Resource Management techniques open. This is because New Public Management principles allows a more flexible and responsive approach to quest ions of recruitment, selection, retention, training and development of NHS employees. This is because according to (Tyson and Fell, 1992; Tyson, 1995; Storey, 1992; Ulrich, 1997), for Human Resource functions to play a strategic as opposed to a tactical or administrative role, it has to be distinguished by a focus on the long term, linking business and Human Resource strategic objectives and forward planning. The application of HRM principles within the public sector displaced the traditional model of personnel administration and was argued to have been introduced when the sector experienced a shift from a rule-bound culture to a performance-based culture (Shim, 2001) and paralleled the extensive public sector managerial restructuring and reform programme with the new models of HRM in the public sector highlighting the notion of human resources having the capacity to achieve performance outcomes in line with the strategic direction of the public sector organization (Gardner and Palmer, 1997). With particular reference to the UK, a number of distinctive features of public sector management include more attention to issues of health, safety and welfare of staff. Another feature is the tendency of public employment practices to be standardized, with workers performing similar tasks and also having the same terms and conditions regardless of their geographical spread, high levels of union den sity across public sector organizations (Winchester and Bach, 1995) and also the emphasis on staff development and equal opportunities typifies the State as a model employer (Farnham and Horton, 1992). According to (Truss 2003), there are currently some policies and management initiatives that are transforming the structure and organization of the NHS. The current role of Human Resource Management in the NHS, its status within the service, and its success as an effective function have become especially important at this time as opined by (Bach 2001, Clarke 2006).  Ã‚  As a result of these, the growing importance of the Human Resource function is particularly clear in situations where individual NHS trusts are granted greater financial and operational independence within the increasingly competitive, consumer driven market that the government is creating. This is in spite of the argument by some commentators that changes in the role and status of HRM in the public sector merely follow orientations developed in the private sector (Buchan 2000; Thomason 1990).  Ã‚  However, Human Resource practitioners within the NHS see it from a different perspective. According to them, the intr oduction of more efficient people management is an important and necessary development, one that is very important in an environment where people  are not only the service providers, but also the product and customer of healthcare services. A change in Human Resource functions was one of the reforms that took place in the NHS and its purpose was to cut through bureaucracy and red-tapism and ensure cost-efficiency and effectiveness in the system through a process of decentralization. Decentralization within the NHS was based on the NHS and Community Care Act of 1990. This Act created both the internal market and self governing trusts, and introduced a division and marketization of relations between health care providers and purchasers Lloyd (1997). Decentralization is the transfer of authority or responsibility for decision making, planning, management or resource allocation from government to its field units, administrative units, regional or functional authorities, private entities and non-governmental private or charity organizations. According to (Rondinelli and Cheema, 1983; Rondinelli et al., 1989; Hope, 2000; Sarker, 2003; Elliot and Bender 1997), decentralization acknowledges that for service provision to be effe ctive, different approaches must be adopted in various area of public sector and the necessity to construct pay structures to reflect these needs. In turn, this has resulted in both more diverse and more flexible pay arrangements. Consequently, the main advantage of decentralization and of delegated responsibility for pay is that it encourages, management to develop a reward strategy that is consistent with an agencys wider strategic goals. Delegating responsibility for pay to agencies may be viewed as a mechanism for stimulating agencies to develop an explicit and consistent set of strategic goals in order to satisfy their customers. The main aim of the decentralization process was to encourage trusts to determine pay locally. The central theme of the modernization pay reform was that it should be based on performance. The main thrust of the Agenda for Change within the NHS is the payment of employees based on their performance and as per their skills and knowledge. However, this was not only a new way of paying employees, it was developed to support and enable improvement for patients, employees and the organization. This according to (Department of Health, 2009), allowed for equality of pay, pay re-structuring and transparency. The Human Resource function was used to bring about this change in terms of job evaluation, harmonizing terms and conditions of service and through the knowledge and skills framework. PLANNED CHANGE: As a concept, the process of change starts with the awareness of a need for change. An analysis for the need for change and the factors that lead to it will now be an indicator of the direction in which action needs to be taken (Armstrong, 2006). Proponents of change management have proposed two forms of the process which are: planned and emergent. Planned change has dominated the theory and practice of change management over the last 50 years and is significantly based on the work of Kurt Lewin. This approach sees organisational change as a process that moves from one fixed state to another through a series of pre-planned steps, and can therefore be analysed by a construct such as Lewins (1951) Action Research model. Another planned approach to organisational change is Lewins (2003)Three-step model which describes the three learning stages of freezing; when one clings to what one knows, unfreezing; when one explores ideas, issues and approaches, and refreezing; the stage of identify ing, utilising and integrating values, attitudes and skills with those previously held and currently desired. This approach recognises that, before any new behaviour can be adopted successfully, the old one has to be made away with. Only then can the new behaviour be fully accepted. The organisational change that was carried out in the NHS embodies some of the characteristics of the planned model, defined by (Iles and Sutherland, 2001) as implementation of some known new state through the management of some form of transitional phase over a controlled period of time. This came about when politicians and health care professionals recognized some degree of change was necessary in the UK health sector in order to facilitate better healthcare delivery services. In response to the intention, government embarked on series of health program reforms to effect positive changes in the healthcare. Governments health reforms have concentrated on hospitals, but increasingly shifting their attention to NHS community services. Governments plan is to improve long term healthcare outcomes for individual patients while reducing the cost pressures on the system as a whole. Proposals include more outreach clinics, a regular healthcare checkup, and joined-up care plans. This plan of action by the government is based on a model that will make healthcare services affordable and closer to the patients. The governments proposals on change are aimed at the following: Bringing some specialties out of the hospital nearer to people, including dermatology, ear, nose and throat, orthopedics and gynecology would be achieved either through outreach clinics run by hospital consultants or specialist services provided for by GPs Introducing a new generation of community hospitals that will provide diagnostics, minor surgery, outpatient facilities and access to social services in one location Pilot a new NHS life check or health MoT from 2007 to assess peoples lifestyle risks, the right steps to take and provide referrals to specialists if needed The life check will be run on a two-stage basis with patients first filling in a paper-based or online self-assessment. If the assessments indicate the person is at significant risk of poor health for conditions such as diabetes, cancer or heart disease, the individual would then be given access to a health trainer who could advise about diet and exercise. If problems are more complex, patient would be referred to a GP or nurse Give patients a guarantee of registration on to a GP practice list in their locality and simplifying the system for doing this Introducing incentives to GP practices to offer opening times that respond to the needs of patients in their area Consideration was given to dual registration allowing patients to register with more than one GP but was thrown out because it would undermine the underlying principles of the family doctor system New responsibilities placed on local councils and the NHS to work together to provide joined up care plans for those who need them Supporting people to improve self care by trebling the investment in the Expert Patient Programme, which teaches patients with long-term illnesses, such as asthma and diabetes, how to control their condition Developing an information prescription for people with long-term health and social care needs and for their carers More support for carers, including improved emergency respite arrangements and the establishment of a national helpline for carers Extension of direct payments and piloting of individual budgets for social care to allow people to decide what their allocations are spent on Increasing the quantity and quality of primary care in under-served, deprived areas through a national procurement programme which would open the GP market to the private and voluntary sectors Encourage nurses and other health professionals, such as physios, to take on more responsibility Set up pilots to allow patients to self-refer themselves to professionals other than GPs, who currently act as gatekeepers to the NHS (www.news.bbc.co.uk) REFERNCES: Armstrong, M. C. (2006) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 10th Ed, London, Kogan Page. Bach, S. (2001) HR and New Approaches to Public Sector Management: Improving HRM Capacity. Workshop on Global Health Workforce Strategy, World Health Organization, Annecy, France. Brown, K. (2004) Human Resource Management in the Public Sector. Public Management Review, 6(3), pp 303-309. Buchanan, J. (2000) Health Sector Reform and Human Resources: Lessons from the United Kingdom. Health Policy and Planning, 15(3), pp 70-89. Clark, N. (2006) Why HR Policies fail to support workplace learning: The Complexities of Policy Implementation in Healthcare. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(1), pp 190-206. Department of Health. (2009) Agenda for Change. Dunleavy, P. and Hood, C. (1994) From Old Public Administration to New Public Administration: Public Money and Management, 14(3), pp 9-16. Lloyd, C. (1997) Decentralization in the NHS: Prospects for Workplace Unionism, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 35(3), pp 427-446. McLaughlin, K., Osborne, S. P, and Ferlie, E. (2002) New Public Management- Current Trends and Future Prospects, (EDs) Abingdon, Routledge. Thomason, G. F. (1990) Human Resource Strategies in the Health Sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(3), pp173-194. Truss, C. (2003) Strategic HRM: Enablers and Constraints in the NHS: International Journal of Public Sector Management, 16(1), pp 48-60. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Managingyourorganization/Humanresourceandtraining/Modernizingpay/Agendaforchange/DH_424 (Accessed 19 April 2010) http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2002/08/feature/uk/0208103f.htm (Accessed 19 April 2010) http://www.healthcaresupply.org.uk/pdfs/hrinthenhsplan.pdf (Accessed 21 April 2010) http://www.lums.lancs.ac.uk/events/owt/10301 (Accessed 3 May 2010) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4662024.stm (Accessed 3 May 2010) KENECHUKWU O. AKABUA 0823583 MA HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HR 4062 HRM AND CHANGE.

Comparison Of Tones Used By Ph :: essays research papers

Two of the most well known black writers that were for the abolishnist movement in America were Frederik Douglass and Phillis Wheatley. At a time when a literate Negro would have only existed in a nightmare and when even the majority of the white women in the country were illiterate, these two authors of distinguished valor managed to write literature and recite speeches that inspired some of the most impenetrable minds to change their ways of thinking. Wheatley would move her readers with her subtle, yet powerful literature while Douglass would do the same with his powerful use of words. Phillis Wheatley was one of the more passive abolishionist writers. Because she was a slave and she was aware of her position in society as opposed to the whites, she knew that enfuriating her audience was the wisest thing to do. When criticizing slavery she chose her words very wisely. In her poem â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America,† for example, she does not blatantly protest about slavery and call her readers savages like Douglass would do. Instead she and realized has realized her position in serialized her position in society as a slave and In her literature she criticizes slavery through rli Although, Phillis Wheatley was an abolishnist writer, she passive than a lot of her literature didn’t always reflect. At first glance it would For a man going against a legion of non-followers, Frederik Douglass held nothing back. Wheatley, Unlike unFor an abolishnist writer, one must and Although they both took very diifrent approaches very, but also managed to get their works published. Wheatley would move the crowed inspire authors wrote poetry ab it was a forbidden for a Negros to learn how to read black to learn how to read andbeing literate being illeterate was law for blacks, and women ere being illetarate for Wheatley and Douglass wroteAt a time where it was forbidden for a Negro to learn how to read and even majority of the white women couldn’t read, Phillis and Wheatley were writing verses that were so powerful wthese two authors, managed to recite speeches and write sonnets to get to

External Failure and Internal Failure Cost

Definition and Explanation of Quality Costs: The concept of Cost Of Quality (COQ) has been around for many years. Dr. Joseph M. Juran in 1951 in his Quality Control Handbook included a section on COQ. The Quality Cost Committee under the Quality Management Division was established by the American Society for Quality (ASQ) in 1961. However it was Philip B. Crosby who popularized the use of COQ because of his book Quality is Fre in 1979. Several current quality system standards, ISO 9000, QS-9000, AS-9000, reference the use of COQ for quality improvement. The concept of Cost of Quality is confusing.It does not refer to costs such as using a higher grade leather to make a wallet or using 14K gold instead of gold plating in jewelry. Instead the term quality cost refers to all of the costs that are incurred to prevent defects or that result from defects in products. What is being referenced are the costs due to the lack of quality or costs to ensure quality is produced. We understand them as the costs that are associated with preventing, detecting, and correcting defective work. Some authors refer to these costs as â€Å"Cost of Poor Quality†. Sometimes poor quality costs refer only to the â€Å"failure† costs.Crosby refers to the COQ costs as â€Å"Price of conformance† (the prevention and appraisal costs) and the â€Å"Price of non-conformance† (the failure costs). These are divided into conformance and non-conformance costs, also called control costs and failure of control costs. Figure 1 Quality costs can be broken down into four broad groups. These four groups are also termed as four (4) types of quality costs. Two of these groups are known as prevention costs and appraisal costs. These are incurred in an effort to keep defective products from falling into the hands of customers.The other two groups of costs are known as internal failure and external failure. Internal and external failure costs are incurred because defects are produc ed despite efforts to prevent them therefore these costs are also known as costs of poor quality. However, we will be focussing on the internal costs failure and the external costs failure for this assignment. The non-conformance costs come into play when the software does not conform to the quality requirements. These costs are divided into internal failure costs and external failure costs. Types of quality costs are explained below : Internal Costs Failure:Failure costs are incurred when a product fails to conform to its design specifications. Failure costs can be either internal or external. Internal failure costs result from identification of defects before they are shipped to customers. These costs include scrap, rejected products, reworking of defective units, and downtime caused by quality problem. The more effective a company's appraisal activities the greater the chance of catching defects internally and the greater the level of internal failure costs. This is the price tha t is paid to avoid incurring external failure costs, which can be devastating.On the non-conformance side, we have fault removal costs that can be attributed to the internal failure costs as well as the external failure costs. This is because if we found a fault and want to remove it, it would always result in costs no matter whether costs in an internal or external failure. Actually, there does not have to be a failure at all. Considering code inspections, faults are found and removed that have never caused a failure during testing. It is also a good example that the removal costs can be quite different due to the different techniques.When a test identifies a failure, there needs to be considerable effort spent to find the corresponding fault. During an inspection, faults are found directly. Fault removal costs also contain the costs for necessary re-testing and re-inspections. External Cost Failure: When a defective product is delivered to customer, external failure cost is the re sult. External failure costs include warranty, repairs and replacements, product recalls, liability arising from legal actions against a company, and lost sales arising from a reputation for poor quality. Such costs can decimate profits.In the past, some managers have taken the attitude, â€Å"Let's go ahead and ship everything to customers, and we'll take care of any problems under the warranty. † This attitude generally results in high external failure costs, customer ill will, and declining market share and profits. External failure costs usually give rise to another intangible cost. These intangible costs are hidden costs that involve the company's image. They can be three or four times greater than tangible costs. Missing a deadline or other quality problems can be intangible costs of quality.Internal failure costs, costs and intangible costs that impair the goodwill of the company occur due to a poor quality so these costs are also known as costs of poor quality by some persons. External failure also cause support costs. These are all costs connected to customer care, especially the effort from service workers identifying the problem. Finally, compensation costs could be part of external failure costs, if the failure caused some kind of damage at the customer site. We might also include loss of sales because of bad reputation in the external failure costs but do not look at it in this paper because it is out of scope.Costs of quality assurance (Compiled from Gavett 1968, Adam and Evertt-1998) Prevention Costs| Appraisal Costs| Internal Failure Costs| External Failure Costs| †¢ Quality planning†¢ QC administration and systems planning†¢ Quality related training†¢ Inspection of incoming in process and final product†¢ Processes planning†¢ Design review†¢ Quality data analysis†¢ Procurement planning†¢ Market research†¢ Vendor surveys†¢ Reliability studies†¢ System development†¢ Quality m easurement and control equipment†¢ Product Qualification†¢ Qualification of material| †¢ Incoming Inspection†¢ Testing†¢ Inspection in process†¢ Quality audits†¢ Incoming test and laboratory tests†¢ Checking labor†¢ Laboratory or other measurement service†¢ Setup for test and inspection†¢ Test and inspection material†¢ Outside endorsements for certification†¢ Maintenance and calibration work†¢ Product reengineering review and shipping release†¢ Field testing†¢ Final testing| †¢ Rejections†¢ Scrap at full shop cost†¢ Failure analysis†¢ Scrap and rework, fault of vendor†¢ Material procurement†¢ Factory contact engineering†¢ Machine down†¢ QC investigations of failures†¢ Material review activity†¢ Repair and troubleshooting†¢ Excess inventory| †¢ Recall†¢ Complaints handling†¢ Goodwill loss†¢ Warranty costs†¢ Bad publicity†¢ Field maintenance and product service†¢ Returned material processing and repair†¢ Fall in market share†¢ Replacement inventories†¢ Low employees morale†¢ Strained distributor relation| References 1. Jones, Capers, Patterns of Software Systems Failure and Success, International Thompsom Computer Press, Boston, Mass. , 1996. 2. Crosby, P. , Quality Improvement Through Defect Prevention, Philip Crosby Assosiates, 1985. 3. Beecroft, G. Dennis, What is Your Quality Costing You? IIQP Newsletter, Winter 2000. 4. Campanella, Jack (Ed. ). Principles of Quality Costs (Third Edition). ASQ Quality Press: Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 1999. 219pp. 5. Harrington, H. J. , Poor Quality Costs, Mercel Dekker, Inc. , 1987. 6. Morse, Roth, and Poston, Measuring, Planning, and Controlling Quality Costs, National Association of Accountant, 1987.

Impacts of disability on non-disabled siblings Essays

Impacts of disability on non-disabled siblings Essays Impacts of disability on non-disabled siblings Essay Impacts of disability on non-disabled siblings Essay Case Study: Impacts of disablement on non-disabled siblings Introduction and background to the instance or piece of work When a kid is disabled, non merely are that child’s parents straight affect, but so excessively are that child’s siblings. The consequence that holding a handicapped kid in the household has on that child’s non-disabled siblings is a much maligned and understudied country of societal work, but one which is easy acquiring the attending that it deserves. This instance survey seeks to put out and analyze, within the bounds of a individual household, some of the issues which need to be considered by societal workers when covering with a non-disabled kid who has a handicapped brother or sister. The instance survey focuses on the B household. The B household is a reasonably typical single-parent household covering with the troubles of raising a handicapped kid. The female parent, D, is a individual parent raising non-identical eight twelvemonth old twin girls, L and N. In add-on to the her twin girls, D besides has a 20 three twelvemonth old boy, S, who is soon out of work life with her and two other kids who no longer live at place. The twins’ male parent no longer lives with the household but, harmonizing to D, is in contact and supportive of both D and the twins. The household receives province benefits and live in impermanent adjustment. The Disabled Children’s Family Support subdivision of Islington Council’s Social Services section originally referred the B household to the Islington Disabled Children’s Team ( DCT ) . As a specializer voluntary kid attention charity, the DCT assists households of kids and immature people with terrible and complex disablements by supplying play-schemes and after school nines. The twins attend an after school nine twice a hebdomad in order to afford their female parent, D ( who is besides N’s full clip carer ) , some clip to herself. N’s disablement is the consequence of a monolithic ictus that she suffered when she was 18 months old which resulted in her necessitating major encephalon surgery. Until the age of 18 months, N had been developing usually within her mileposts, nevertheless, the ictus and consequent encephalon surgery resulted in N losing the ability to talk and the ability to walk. It besides caused her to go incontinent. N continues to endure from epileptic ictuss and has impaired mobility significance that she now requires the usage of a wheelchair. N’s disablements mean that she is frequently the focal point of the family’s attending. This is of course rather hard for L, aged eight, to understand and as a consequence, L can come across as being quite a destitute kid. As D has to beguile the duties of being a full clip carer to N and a parent to both L and N, she can frequently look rather non-responsive to L’s demands for attending. The most likely account for this evident passiveness on D’s behalf is that she is rather merely exhausted by the double duties with which she is burdened. L’s inappropriate behavior is acquiring worse as she grows older. Most kids got through emotional development as they grow. In L’s instance nevertheless, her emotions are frequently seen as being utmost and dismaying to others with emotional, verbal and behavioral responses which are out of proportion to the state of affairs that she is reacting to. For case, L, when asked to portion playthings with the other kids can go rapidly and earnestly distressed taking to her complete backdown from the societal interaction taking topographic point. At other times L refuses to pass on with whoever is seeking to do contact with her ( including declining to do oculus contact or offer any verbal recognition ) . L’s interaction with the other kids can be fickle, demanding and on occasion hostile. For illustration, if the music playing is non what L wishes to listen to, L has been observed altering the music even though another kid is listening to that music. L fails to obtain that child’s permission foremost, and should that child complain, L shouts at them. The fickle and on occasion aggressive behavior displayed by L is on occasion tempered by periods when L is quieter and calmer, attentive to others ( both kids and grownups ) and exposing of contemplation and kindness. She besides demonstrates her inventive ability in inventing new games and playing with another kid in an age appropriate mode. It is possibly of import to indicate out that L attends the after school nine as the lone non-disabled kid. This combined with her low self-esteem and low assurance, consequence in L exhibiting commanding and commanding behavior over the other kids who suffer from a diverse scope of disablements. Discussion of purposes and aims of the work and of the work undertaken on the instance The purposes of the work and of the work undertaken on the instance were to find whether current theoretical models were sufficient to cover L’s peculiar state of affairs, whether they provided any practical aid in bettering L’s behavior and at a higher degree, to feed back into the research watercourse therefore back uping future research in this country. The aims of the work and the work undertaken on the instance were to supply D with a fresh position as to the possible causes of L’s behavioral jobs and suggest possible solutions, with such positions and solutions being based on current research work in this country. In footings of results for L, the aims of this arrangement were to help her in developing resiliency with regard to the challenges of turning up with a handicapped sibling and to develop her societal and life accomplishments. Fonagy et Al. define resiliency as, normal development under hard conditions [ 1 ] While there are several factors which underpin resiliency, Gilligan sets out three which are cardinal and which are necessary for L’s development: A secure base, whereby the immature individual feels a sense of belonging and security. Good self-pride, that is, an internal sense of worth and competency. A sense of self-efficacy, that is, a sense of command and control, along with an accurate apprehension of personal strengths and limitations. [ 2 ] Legal and policy context for the work The chief piece of statute law with application to N and L’s state of affairs is the Children Act 1989 ( the Act ) . Pursuant to Part III of the Act, the public assistance of both L and N is the duty of the local authorization ; which in this instance is Islington Council. Under the Act, the local authorization is required to supply services to kids in demand, their households and others ( subdivision 17 ) , twenty-four hours attention for pre-school and other kids and supply for their adjustment. A kid is defined as being in need if they meet the standards set out in subdivision 17 ( 10 ) of the Act: †¦a kid shall be taken to be in demand if: ( a ) he is improbable to accomplish or keep, or to hold the chance of accomplishing or keeping, a sensible criterion of wellness or development without the proviso for him of services by a local authorization under this Part ; ( B ) his wellness or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or farther impaired, without the proviso for him of such services ; or ( degree Celsius ) he is handicapped, and household , in relation to such a kid, includes any individual who has parental duty for the kid and any other individual with whom he has been living. [ 3 ] N clearly falls within the definition of a kid in demand in conformity with sub-section ( degree Celsius ) . L, while non being disabled herself, falls within the standards of being a kid in demand under both sub-sections ( a ) and ( B ) . While both L and N autumn within the standards of being kids in demand, the services that the local authorization is obliged to supply would of course usually be really different. In the instance of the after school attention, both L and N attend. The power which allows the local authorization to supply this service to L even though she is non handicapped is set out in subdivision 17 ( 3 ) of the Act which provides that, any service provided by an authorization in the exercising of maps conferred on them by this subdivision may be provided for the household of a peculiar kid in demand or for any member of his household, if it is provided with a position to safeguarding or advancing the child’s welfare. [ 4 ] That said, while holding L attend the same after school attention with N may advance N’s public assistance by guaranting that she attends with person with whom she feels safe and comfy, it may non be appropriate for safeguarding or advancing L’s public assistance in that she is the lone non-disabled kid in the group and for that ground she may non experience like she belongs. Other statute law which could use to this state of affairs include the Human Rights and the Disability Discrimination Acts. With regard to the policy context applicable to L and N’s state of affairs, possibly the most of import papers is the Department of Health’s Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( the Framework ) which seeks to supply an inter-agency attack to the appraisal of children’s demands and the proviso of suitably targeted services to them on the footing of this engagement being viewed as a go oning procedure and non a individual event. [ 5 ] Among other things, the Framework provides a procedure for measuring kids in demand and sets out where the functions and duties in relation to measuring kids in demand autumn. Discussion of values, moralss and anti-oppressive pattern involved in the instance Valuess, ADP, The Code of Practice and theModel for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Familieswere all relied upon in relation to all work undertaken with L and her household. Particular accent was placed on guaranting that L and N were treated as persons with the importance of their positions and wants being made clear to them. Equally far as possible, I attempted to accept both L and N for who they were in a non-judgemental manner and to do it clear to them that confidentiality was highly of import and would be maintained. I made sure that both L and N knew that they were respected as human existences with specific demands and involvements that should non be generalised or assumed and in this manner, I sought to avoid doing premises and/or enforcing my ain cultural values ( which can move as barriers to effectual intercession ) on their state of affairs. With regard to the GSCC codification and as a pupil societal worker, I made sure that it was clear that I respected the rights of both service users while at the same clip seeking to guarantee that their behavior did non harm themselves or other people. My purpose was to keep professional boundaries at all times between myself and L, N and the household and as such I ensured that all service users were worked with in the appropriate mode as the duty for the quality of work and maintaining and bettering my cognition and accomplishments rested with me. I besides ensured that all those who had to supply consent for interaction were cognizant beforehand of my position as a pupil societal worker to avoid any possible misinterpretations that may happen. Discussion of theory and research that informed the pattern When covering with disablement, there are two traditional attacks. These two attacks are the societal and the medical theoretical accounts of disablement. As celebrated above, both the DCT and Islington Council subscribe to the societal theoretical account of disablement. In general footings, the societal theoretical account is a more holistic attack to disablement issues. Islington Council’s website makes the undermentioned differentiation between the two attacks: The societal theoretical account of disablement makes the of import differentiation between impairment and disability . It holds that disablement is a societal phenomenon, and while many persons have physical or centripetal damages or larning troubles or are populating with mental wellness demands, it is the manner society responds to these, that is the beginning of disability . The alternate theoretical account, frequently called the Medical Model of Disability encourages accounts for the favoritism and disadvantage experienced by handicapped people in footings of the characteristics of an person s physical or mental damages. The societal theoretical account, nevertheless, encourages accounts in footings of how society is organised. [ 6 ] My arrangement with the DCT presented me with an chance to prosecute in intensive work with L. Employees with the DCT, which offers child-centred services to service users, was willing to help me with questions that I had, background information, etc. The research which informed the pattern consisted of researching the best signifiers of initial engagement for advancing resiliency with kids and discourse these with the pattern assessor. I was besides provided with the chance to intercede with the twins’ female parent, D, who is highly of import and influential in L and N’s lives ( good being and emotional support ) . This took the signifier of an interview with D at the office. The office scene allowed me to obtain more information about the household in a peaceable environment. By inquiring unfastened inquiries during the interview, I empowered D to show her ideas and feelings. Systems theory and communicating theory both recognise that jobs arise non from a individual, but from uneffective forms generated, shared and maintained by the household as a whole. [ 7 ] By trusting on communicating theory and utilising unfastened inquiry techniques, I attempted to promote looks of feelings and ideas in an unfastened and honorable manner during the initial appraisal stage. Systems theory allowed me to understand that systems introduce the thoughts of balance and equilibrium ( Internet Explorer in our day-to-day lives we survive in a province of balance ; this balance is attained by pulling on the support webs available to us to utilize ) . In L and N’s instance, the support web which they draw on is the household ( ie dislocation in the relationship which provides emotion support effects the equilibrium taking to anger, hurt, backdown and disputing behavior at place and when interacting with others ) . In this instance, one of the background factors which ne eds to be taken into history when measuring L is the impact that the separation of her parents may hold had on her although L’s female parent provinces that L’s male parent does take her for occasional weekends and is by and large supportive of the household. I besides took into history kid development theories. Therefore, for illustration, child-focused pattern through the usage of the collaborative systematic theory, I was able to concentrate on the children’s experiences while sing the household as a whole. This allowed me to take into history the father’s departure of the household and the feelings of choler and hurt that this event caused. Sing this in the context of round interaction assisted me with developing an account as to how human systems remain stable or alteration. Finally, I was able to utilize empowerment theory to help L so that she was able to get down larning how to cover with her feelings of choler in her ain manner by, for case, go forthing the room instead than self harming herself with a pen. During the interview my focal point was I focused on the strength theoretical account [ 8 ] by inquiring her how she would depict herself. D replied that she is strong, trusty and difficult working which are all good properties for a individual female parent who is the chief carer of a handicapped kid to hold. However, it was clear that the late oncoming of N’s ( ie she was developing usually until 18 months ) disablement did hold an consequence on D and the ensuing heartache should possibly be best dealt with by D’s referral professional guidance Sessionss. Burke suggests that Kubler-Ross’ five major reactive phases of mourning: denial, choler, guilt, depression and acceptance besides has application to state of affairss of siblings with brothers or sisters who have disablements, but that the depression phase should be replaced by a protection phase which is more in line with the consequences of interviews conducted by him and is a more representative term for the type of reaction that followed the experience of life with childhood disability. [ 9 ] Evaluation of the pattern results The technique that I found the most utile in furthering initial engagement with L was the playful communicating technique. [ 10 ] This technique provides a platform which allows kids to show themselves to the full by giving voice to their ideas, emotions and experiences in a mode which is non-verbal and action oriented. The effectivity of this technique is that it avoids the demand for oculus contact with a alien which kids frequently find intimidating or oppressive. Furthermore, the usage of the after school nine as the scene for my interaction with L was critical to my success as it allows drama to be used as a curative tool. [ 11 ] By interacting with L while she was playing, I was provided with a more in-depth penetration into the concerns she felt that she was faced with and which, her female parent was no uncertainty excessively busy to inquire about, allow alone aid with. It was in one of these interactions that L referred to herself as a carer. As this was an of import piece of information which went straight to the bosom of L’s jobs, I sat down on the floor with her, therefore cut downing the power instability, and asked her what she had meant when she referred to herself as being a carer. L was rather blunt and volunteered the information that she believed that she was a carer because she cared for her handicapped sister N. This penetration shows how L had taken on a great trade of the duty, in her head, of caring for her sister and which in my sentiment has been derived from her female parent looking after N. Another interesting penetration occurred one clip while L was being incommunicative ( as noted above, L can at times refuse to do oculus contact, speak or in any sense acknowledge that person is seeking to pass on with her ) . Rather than leting her to retreat or try to pass on with her verbally, I tried to pass on with her in a different manner and as such I gave her a pen and a piece of paper and asked her to compose or pull something. She obliged and drew a bosom with a line across it and wrote that she was sad and that her bosom had been broken. In this manner she was able to show feelings which to that point she had merely bottled indoors. This is a instance which is slightly unusual with the focal point falling forthrightly on the behavioral issues of a non-disabled sibling. While it is impossible to set up an on-going behavioral alteration within the short clip frame of a arrangement, I believe that the consequences I obtained suggest that ongoing support and interaction by a societal worker would hold a profound impact on L’s current behavioral jobs and ongoing, future development. Bibliography Beckett, C. A ; Maynard, A. ( 2005 ) ,Valuess and Ethical motives in Social Work: An Introduction, Sage Publications Ltd, London Burke, P. ( 2004 ) ,Brothers and Sisters of Disabled Children, Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd, London Children Act 1989 taken from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_4.htm, last accessed 9ThursdayApril 2007 Cull, L. A ; Roche, J. erectile dysfunction. ( 2001 ) ,The Law and Social Work, Palgrave, NY Daniel, B. , Wassell, S. A ; Gilligan, R. ( 2004 ) ,Child Development for Child Care and Protection Workers, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London Daniel, B. A ; Wassell, S. ( 2002 ) ,The Early Old ages: Assessing and Promoting Resilience in Vulnerable Children, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London Daniel, B. A ; Wassell, S. ( 2004 ) ,Adolescence: Assessing and Promoting Resilience in Vulnerable Children, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London Fonagy, P. , Steele, M. , Steel, H. , Higgit, A. A ; Target, M. ( 1994 ) ,The Theory and Practice of Resilience, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 2, pp. 231-257 Model for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, 4 April 2000, taken from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4003256, last accessed 9ThursdayApril 2007 Gilligan, R. ( 1997 ) ,Beyond Permanence? The Importance of Resilience in Child Placement Practice and Planning, Adoption and Fostering 21, 1, pp. 12-20 Greene, R. R. ( 1999 ) ,Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice, Aldine De Gruyter, NY Hudson, B. erectile dysfunction. ( 2000 ) ,The Changing Role of Social Care, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London The National Occupational Standards for Social Work, taken from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.topssengland.net/files/cd/England/Main.htm, last accessed 9ThursdayApril 2007 O’Connor, K. J. A ; Braverman, L. M. erectile dysfunction. ( 1997 ) ,Play Therapy Theory and Practice: A Comparative Presentation,John Wiley A ; Sons, Canada Savenelli, C. M. A ; Glass, M. S. erectile dysfunction. ( 1996 ) ,Social Group Work Today and Tomorrow: Traveling from Theory to Advanced Training and Practice, Haworh Press Inc, Atlanta Social theoretical account of disablement definition taken from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islington.gov.uk/Community/equalitydiversity/definitions.asp, last accessed 10ThursdayApril 2007 1

Socrates on Life Meaning Essays

Socrates on Life Meaning Essays Socrates on Life Meaning Paper Socrates on Life Meaning Paper What did Socrates meant by â€Å"an unexamined life is not worth living†? Socrates’ reasoning in passing up the chance to escape his sentence after being condemned to death on fabricated charges Socrates is one of the most influential Greek philosophers, who as influential in ushering the Hellenistic Age. His powers of logical reasoning and the invention of the Socratic method has left a lasting impression on Western philosophy. Although he was a prominent member of the Aristocratic class, his lack of deference to authority would lead to his tragic death. Even when given the choice between a life in exile or immediate execution, he chose the latter as a matter of adhering to principle. According to Socrates, a commitment to moral reasoning is an essential condition of a well-lived life. An individual should base his actions upon the outcomes of such internal dialogues. The exercise of self-examination and introspection as a way of arriving at moral truths is of paramount importance to Socrates. So much so that he unequivocally declared that â€Å"an unexamined life is not worth living† (Vlastos, p.121). This commitment to truth by way of rational, critical enquiry would eventually cost Socrates his life. But, even when in sight of his impending death, Socrates calmly reasoned with his friends and supporters that accepting the judgment of the state is to follow the moral course of action and he refused to escape into exile. Socrates was brought to trial by the democratic Athenian jury, which had scores to settle with prominent members of the previous regime. Socrates’ association with the previous regime made him a target of persecution, irrespective of the validity of the alleged charges. He was accused of undermining religious and state authority and for also corrupting the minds of Athenians. But in reality, Socrates made no deliberate attempts to bring down the religious and state authorities. Instead, he encouraged his students to adopt a critical approach to moral actions, also suggesting that the Athenian rulers themselves are not exempt from such scrutiny. Hence, Socrates sacrificed his life as a way of standing by the principles he endorsed to others. Despite his tragic death in this fashion, the event has acquired him a martyr status among subsequent generation of intellectuals and philosophers. Starting with Plato, his most illustrious disciple, intellectuals have taken inspiration and strength from Socrates’ choice and have contributed to positive social change. Two millennium since the execution of Socrates, in the more progressive and liberal democracies of Western Europe and North America, the citizens enjoy a whole array of civil rights. This includes the right to freedom of speech as well – a right that was not available to Socrates. While there is no doubt that modern democracies offer their citizens rights and privileges that were unknown of before, dissidents still don’t find it easy to get their views across. For example, it is fair to say that those from far left of the political spectrum face plenty of hostility from the mainstream establishment. The mainstream media and political institutions simply ignore critical analyses from this quarter. This points out that modern liberal democracies are far from ideal and utopian. There is still progress to be made in terms of fulfilling Socrates’ notion of living an ‘examined life’, which would allow citizens of a state to critically examine their state a nd its wielding of authority. : Vlastos, Gregory (1991). Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Hanson, V.D. (2001). â€Å"Socrates Dies at Delium, 424 B.C.†, What If? 2, Robert Cowley, editor, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, NY. Socrates’ reasoning in passing up the chance to escape his sentence after being condemned to death on fabricated charges Socrates is one of the most influential Greek philosophers, who as influential in ushering the Hellenistic Age. His powers of logical reasoning and the invention of the Socratic method has left a lasting impression on Western philosophy. Although he was a prominent member of the Aristocratic class, his lack of deference to authority would lead to his tragic death. Even when given the choice between a life in exile or immediate execution, he chose the latter as a matter of adhering to principle. According to Socrates, a commitment to moral reasoning is an essential condition of a well-lived life. An individual should base his actions upon the outcomes of such internal dialogues. The exercise of self-examination and introspection as a way of arriving at moral truths is of paramount importance to Socrates. So much so that he unequivocally .

Post Modern Preaching Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Post Modern Preaching - Term Paper Example In words by Allen religion significance has declined over the years (78). The author further argues that this is attributed to the fact that preachers and religious institutions have lost touch with the modern generation. Most preachers still use the old ways of passing the message to the audience. As much as these methods are pure and original, their impact in the modern society has been diminished. The modern society needs something that connects with them with the current emerging trends- a message that may help them go through modern society challenges. This is one factor that preachers have failed to achieve in preaching. This has made most religious institution lose touch with the society. According to Allen just like we embrace technology and globalization in our societies, preachers should embrace the use of the same in delivering sermons (29). However, many religious practices have been able to adjust to these changes and still hold much significance in the society. They are referred to the igeneration preachers. They believe in preaching the word in the most appropriate way in the perspective of their audience. This includes use of modern tools and instruments, applying of global trending society topics and accepting the fact that exposure level of the modern spiritual is deep and the approach should be the same. The growth of the church has been significant throughout the centuries. In the ancient religious settings, preachers or religious leaders did not have a tiring task of passing the message to the audience. This is attributed to the fact the audience has so much believe in religion and they were not exposed to technological trends. LaRue argues life was simpler and less complicated to believe in (112). People in the ancient centuries did not have much of tasks and factors distracting them from adhering to the gospel. This scenario has completely changed in the modern generation. Hilliard argues that the modern society is exposed to less spiritu ality and more of economic or social activities (98). This creates the gap between the modern society and religion. Preachers have to develop ways to reach out to the occupied generation (Allen 85). It has ceased to be an obligation that people have to attend religious services like people used to in the back days. For the modern society to be inclined to religious activities, there must that outstanding factor driving this objective. In words by Arendell for preachers to remain significant in what they do, they must be able to advance to the same level as the social trends have (211). This may include using the most common tool to reach out the modern generation: the social network (Hilliard 90). The growth of the church in the African American perspective displays the same results. The ancient African American church was known for its significance in society. The church was a spiritual hub for all ages. It was a compulsory function in the whole society as parents exposed their chi ldren to spirituality at a tender age. This practice created a long line of spiritual generations. In words by Arendell the African American society was one of the most religious societies in the United States (145). The author further argues that this was attributed to the fact the passing down of religious beliefs in the society was effective. As generations passed, this fact slowly changed. One religious practice that was first to be rejected was the door to door preaching. It faced great

Discussion Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion Question 3 - Essay Example It is also a good idea to have the questions checked by another person who is thoroughly knowledgeable with the subject of the questions. The day of the test is one of high tension and anxiety. The examinees wait for the time when the test papers will be handed over to them. The atmosphere is charged in silent anticipations. It is a solemn occasion, border on a war-like situation. In my opinion, each step is important as the other. But I would rate the safe keeping of the test paper as the most important step, because with property security the paper might get stolen leaving the entire exercise futile and meaningless. (Basic Steps in Test Construction) Ans. The basic purpose of a question is to elicit answer which meets the expected knowledge level of the student in a particular grade. Having obtained the information in the course of classroom studies and instructions from the pedagogue and also personal efforts comprising homework and revision, the student is expected to grasp and retain the level of knowledge to respond to a certain question. The context plays an important role when interpreting assessment results because it helps the assessor link the question with the correct information necessary for the answer. The context covers all the important aspects of the question such as what, why, where, how, when, and the source, as relevant to the question in particular as applicable to the whole class. Without the context, the question becomes generalized leaving the scope for answer also general and without relevance for the particular class or group. (British Columbia) Q3. Why is it important to pilot test items Ans. Pilot test is done to design the entire curriculum consisting of the information lessons in the text book, together with questions, and the vocabulary level suitable for the students' age group and intelligence. A pilot test is a long drawn-out affair involving time and evaluation by a competent teacher/researcher. The evaluation is carried out by the teacher/researcher after a period of his/her training. The training is rigorous and necessary to brief the teacher about the subject content. Once the training is complete, the teacher begins to conduct a model class with the help of the subject curriculum. The feedbacks received from the students' reactions as a result of the daily instructions by the teacher are noted down by the teacher and preserved for further analysis by another independent evaluator. Even after the evaluation is through, the pilot test is not complete until the principal gives his approval in writing. (CUES - Pilot